Wwhat does “annually resolved proxies” and “calibration against the instrumental record” mean?

I am trying to understand a paper on temperature reconstruction, and these things come out:

For the second you might try this website to gain some understanding

http://www.erudit.org/revue/gpq/2002/v56/n2-3/009108ar.html

For the first, you might look here

http://www.climas.arizona.edu/research/paleoclimate/product/NM4/instrumental.html

Microfossils Reveal Climatic History of the Gulf of Mexico

A review of modern coral @d^1^8O and @D^1^4C proxy records [An article from: Earth Science Reviews] $7.95 This digital document is a journal article from Earth Science Reviews, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Description: This paper is a review of published modern coral @d^1^8O and @D^1^4C isotopic records that are at least 30 and 20 years long, resp…

Sea surface temperature and the growth of the West Atlantic reef-building coral Montastraea annularis [An article from: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology] $8.95 This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Description: Relationships were analyzed between sea surface temperature (SST) and annual growth characteristics (…